Adler, Lawrence B. Rosenfeld, Russell F. A nice text that has a smooth, engaging reading style with some cultural references to engage the young reader. My one gripe is that it should have contained a little more relevant interactive exercises to play out in class.
It is my belief that the college speech communication classroom is a laboratory unlike any other a student will ever encounter to practice these principles in relative shelter. Otherwise this book was one of the most informative and enjoyable of my speech comm degree. I am taking Interpersonal Communications this semester, and holy cow, this book is incredibly interesting! Just implementing what I've learned from this book this semester has helped me so much in my day-to- day communications.
After studying this book, I've developed an interest in possibly minoring in Communications with a focus on Interpersonal Communications. We rented this book for my son's college class. Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass. User icon An illustration of a person's head and chest. Sign up Log in. Web icon An illustration of a computer application window Wayback Machine Texts icon An illustration of an open book.
Si MBA satrioarismunandar Models of the Communication Process - Davis Foulger A Model of the Communication Process which describes the ways in which people creators and consumers of messages create and intepret messages using language and media. Interpersonal relationship - Wikipedia An interpersonal relationship is a strong deep or close association or acquaintance between two or more people that may range in duration from brief to enduring. Interpersonal - definition of interpersonal by The Free If you labor over a thank-you note to get the tone just right before sending it, your message is primarily a one-way effort.
Later models represented communication as more of a tennis game, in which players hit balls send messages to receivers who then respond. This feedback, or response to a previous message, can be verbal or nonverbal. A back-and-forth chain of text messages seems to fit this description pretty well.
Yet those models fail to capture the complexity of the human beings involved in the process. Over time, communication theorists developed increasingly sophisticated versions in an attempt to depict all the factors that affect human interaction. Still, Figure 1. Noise Noise Noise. Communicator Communicator sends, sends, receives, Channel s Messages Channel s receives, assigns meaning assigns meaning. A's Environment B's Environment. This term reflects the fact that—at least in face-to-face situations—people are simultaneously send- ers and receivers who exchange multiple messages.
Rather, meanings reside in the people who express and interpret them. This expression might be a genuine apology, an insincere statement designed to defuse your anger, or even a sarcastic jibe. The possibility of multiple interpretations means that it is often necessary to negotiate a shared meaning in order for satisfying communication to occur the perception-checking skills de- scribed in Chapter 4 can help with this.
In communication terminology, environ- ment refers not only to a physical location but also to the personal experi- ences and cultural background that participants bring to a conversation. You can appreciate the influence of environments by considering your beliefs about an important topic such as work, marriage, or government policies. How might your beliefs be different if your personal history were different? Notice how the model in Figure 1. This intersecting area represents the background that the communicators have in common.
Whereas similar environments often facilitate communication, dif- ferent backgrounds can make effective communication more challenging.
Another factor in the environment that makes communication dif- ficult is what communication scholars call noise: anything that interferes with the transmission and reception of a message. External noise includes factors outside the re- ceiver that make it difficult to hear, as well as many other kinds of distrac- tions.
For instance, loud music in a bar or a jackhammer grinding in the street might make it hard for you to pay attention to another person.
Physi- ological noise involves biological factors in the receiver that interfere with accurate reception: hearing loss, illness, and so on. Psychological noise refers to cognitive factors that make communication less effective.
The com- munication channel being used can affect the way a receiver responds to a message. Most respondents said they would have. Tweets sent from mobile devices on the messages they convey. Obviously it makes a were also more negative in their wording and content. A research team more likely to be posted from a phone than a desk- investigated an even more specific issue: Do Twit- top. The short answer to that question is yes. This research suggests that the medium posts originated from mobile devices or from desk- you choose for sending a message may play an im- top computers.
They found that mobile tweets were portant role in that process. Murthy, D. Do we tweet differently from our mobile devices? A study of language differences on mobile and web-based Twitter platforms. Journal of Communication, 65, — Communication Is Transactional As we saw in the transactional model, communica- tors create meaning through their interaction with one another.
How would you describe the nature of the communication transactions in your close ity we do with them. In what ways is it similar to dancing with a Communication is like dancing with a part- partner? In communication and in dancing, the partners must adapt to and coordinate with each other. Further, relational communication—like dancing—is a unique creation that arises from how the partners interact. The way you dance probably varies from one partner to another because of its cooperative, transactional nature.
Likewise, the way you communi- cate almost certainly varies with different partners. Psychologist Kenneth Gergen expresses the transactional nature of communication well when he points out how our success depends on in- teraction with others. Communication Can Be Intentional or Unintentional Some communication is clearly deliberate: You probably plan your words carefully before asking the boss for a raise or offering constructive criticism.
Some scholars e. However, others e. Suppose, for instance, that a friend overhears you muttering complaints to yourself. In addition to these slips of the tongue, we unintention- ally send many nonverbal messages.
You might not be aware of your sour expression, impatient shifting, or sighs of boredom, but others read into them nonetheless. Even the seeming absence of a behavior has communicative value. Recall times when you sent a text or left a voice message and received no reply. You probably assigned some meaning to the nonresponse.
Was the other person angry? Too busy to reply? Whether your hunch was correct, the point remains: All behav- ior has communicative value. In Interplay we look at the communicative value of both intentional and unintentional behav- ior. This book takes the position that whatever you do—whether you speak or remain silent, confront or avoid, show emotion or keep a poker face—you pro- vide information to others about your thoughts and feelings.
We cannot not communicate Watzlawick et al. Communication Is Irreversible We sometimes wish that we could back up in time, erasing words or acts and replacing them with better alternatives. Unfortunately, such reversal is im- possible. Sometimes, further explanation can clear up confusion, or an apol- ogy can mollify hurt feelings, but other times no amount of explanation can change the impression you have created. Words said, messages sent, and deeds done are irretrievable.
Communication Is Unrepeatable Because communication is an ongoing process, an event cannot be re- peated. The friendly smile you gave a stranger last week may not succeed with the person you encounter tomorrow. Because both you and the other person have changed. What may seem like the same words and behavior are different each time they are spoken or performed. Communication Has a Content Dimension and a Relational Dimension Virtually all exchanges have content and relational dimensions.
Sometimes the content dimension of a message is all that matters. For example, you may not care how the barista feels about you as long as you get your coffee.
In a qualitative sense, however, the relational dimension of a message is often more important than the content under discussion. This point explains why disputes over apparently trivial subjects become so important. Chapter 9 explores several key relational issues in detail. Was it friendly or indifferent? Rushed or more leisurely? In every case, the exchanged messages both created and reflected some sort of relationship.
In more meaningful relationships, communication is distinctive and nuanced— more personal. Many of our interactions in life are relatively impersonal, but more meaningful communication characterizes our key relationships.
As dis- cussed in this book, interpersonal communication is interaction distin- guished by the qualities of uniqueness, interdependence, self-disclosure, and intrinsic rewards. Whereas social rules and rituals govern im- personal exchanges, the nature and history of particular relationships shape interpersonal exchanges. For example, with one friend you. Highly interpersonal communication exchanges reveal that the fate of the partners is connected.
In impersonal exchanges, we reveal little about ourselves; but in interpersonal exchanges, we often share important thoughts and feelings, usually reflecting our comfort with one another. Communicators in relationships characterized by impersonal exchanges seek extrinsic rewards—payoffs that have little to do with the people involved. You listen to professors in class or talk to potential buyers of your used car in order to reach goals that have little to do with develop- ing personal relationships.
By contrast, you spend time in highly inter- personal relationships, such as relationships with friends and lovers, because of the intrinsic rewards that come from your communication. Just being with the other person is the reward. Relatively few of our interactions are highly interpersonal. The scar- city of interpersonal communication, however, contributes to its value Mehl et al. Like precious and one-of-a-kind artwork, highly inter- personal communication is special because it is rare.
Masspersonal Communication After reading the characteristics just outlined, you might be thinking about interpersonal communication as a private rather than a public exchange. But the emergence of social media has led to some changes in that thinking.
The message is meant for your friend, but others view and evaluate it. You probably have those others in mind as you craft the message—otherwise, you could have sent a private text or email. Masspersonal communication characterizes interaction that crosses boundaries between mass and interpersonal contexts. Figure 1. Not All Communication Seeks Understanding You might assume that the goal of all communication is to maximize understanding between communicators.
The primary goal in exchanges like these is mutual acknowledg- ment. Most television commercials are aimed at persuading viewers to buy products, not helping viewers un- derstand the content of the ad. More Communication Is Not Always Better Whereas failure to communicate effectively and often enough can cer- tainly cause problems, excessive communication also can be a mistake.
Sometimes it is simply unproductive, as when people go over the same ground again and again. There are times when talking too much actually aggravates a problem. There are even times when no in- teraction is the best course. Chapter 8 will help you decide when and how to share feelings. For example, imagine that you ask an instructor to explain why you received a poor grade on a project you believe deserved top marks.
The professor clearly outlines the reasons why you received the low grade and sticks to that position after listening thoughtfully to your protests. Has communication solved the problem? Sometimes clear communication is even the cause of problems. Sup- pose, for example, that a friend asks you for an honest opinion of an expen- sive outfit he just bought. See Chapter 3 for suggestions. Although nearly everyone does manage to function passably without much formal communication train- ing, most people operate at a level of effectiveness far below their poten- tial.
In fact, communication skills are closer to an athletic ability. Answering it has been one of the leading challenges for communication scholars. To understand these two dimensions, consider how you might handle ev- eryday communication challenges such as declining an unwanted invitation or asking a friend to stop an annoying behavior.
In cases such as these, effec- tive communication would get the results you want. Appropriate communi- cation would do so in a way that, in most cases, enhances the relationship in which it occurs.
You can appreciate the importance of both appropriateness and effec- tiveness by imagining approaches that would satisfy one of these criteria but not the other. Does your communication competence effective. Some very successful communicators are serious, whereas others change from situation to use humor; some are gregarious, others are quieter; and some are more situation?
No list of rules or tips will guarantee your success as a communicator. Flexibility is especially important when members of different cultures meet. Some communication skills seem to be universal Ruben, Every culture has rules that require speakers to behave appropriately, for example. But the definition of appropriate communication in a given situa- tion varies considerably from one culture to another Arasaratnam, Customs such as belching after a meal or appearing nude in public might be appropriate in some parts of the world but outrageous in others.
There are also more subtle differences in competent communication. For exam- ple, qualities such as self-disclosure and straight talk may be valued in the United States but considered overly aggressive and insensitive in many Asian cultures Zhang, You and the people you know are probably quite competent in some areas and less so in others.
For example, you might deal quite skillfully with peers while feeling clumsy interacting with people much older or younger, wealthier or poorer, or more or less attractive than yourself. In fact, your competence may vary from situation to situation. Competence Can Be Learned To some degree, biology is destiny when it comes to communication com- petence Teven et al.
Research suggests that certain personality traits predispose people toward particular competence skills Hullman et al. For instance, those who are agreeable and conscientious by nature find it easier to be appropriate and harder to be and become as- sertive and effective.
Communication competence is, to a great degree, a set of skills that anyone can learn Fortney et al. For instance, people with commu- nication anxiety often benefit from interpersonal training sessions Dwyer, Skills instruction has also been shown to help communicators in a variety of professional fields Brown et al. We learn from our own successes and failures, as well as from observing other models—both positive and negative. For example, if you want to start a conversation with a stranger, you might get the ball rolling simply by introducing yourself.
What kind of neighborhood is the Eastside? Do you know anything about them? Where did you get them? Adaptability To extend this metaphor, a chef must know when to use garlic, chili, or sugar. Likewise, a competent communicator needs adaptability, selecting appropriate responses for each situation—and for each recipient.
As an example, one study Stephens et al. Adaptability becomes challenging when communicating massperson- ally. In communica- tion, as in other activities, practice is the key to skillful performance. Much of the information in Interplay will introduce you to new tools for Media Clip communicating, and the activities at the end of each chapter will help you practice them.
Empathy, or perspective taking explained in Chapter 4 , is an essential skill partly because others may not express their thoughts and feel- ings clearly. Pathologically Competent: Cognitive Complexity House of Cards Cognitive complexity is the ability to construct a variety of different frameworks for viewing In the TV series House of Cards, career politician an issue. Imagine that a longtime friend never Frank Underwood Kevin Spacey and his equally am- responded to a message from you, but you ex- bitious wife Claire Robin Wright are ruthless in their pected a response.
One possible explanation pursuit of power. Another possibility is that some- use people to further their own positions. They are strategic self-monitors, carefully sensitive. Not surprisingly, research also shows a There is but one rule: Hunt or be hunted. The relationship less obsession with power as pathological. Now things are different. Obviously, face-to-face communication is still vitally important, but now technology also plays a key role in starting and maintaining relationships.
Social media is the term that describes all the communication channels that allow community- based input, interaction, content sharing, and collaboration. The number of social media technologies has exploded in the past few decades, giving communica- tors today an array of choices that would have amazed someone from a previous era.
Before reading about the characteristics of social media, take a moment to analyze the role of digital communication in your life by completing the assessment on page They involve messages, channels, noise, and other elements of the transactional model. Both are used to satisfy the physical, identity, social, and practical needs outlined on pages 5—9.
Source: Caplan, S. Theory and measurement of generalized problematic Internet use: A two-step approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, — Despite these similarities, communication by social media differs from the in-person variety in some important ways. Table 1. It shows that each channel has both advantages and drawbacks.
Should you send a message via a text? Make a phone call? Wait for a chance to talk in person? It depends on the nature of the message, the receiver, and the situation. Face-to-Face Synchronous Rich Low. Video Chat Synchronous Moderately rich Low. Moderately lean voice but no Telephone Synchronous Low visuals. Moderately lean voice but no Moderate can be stored; Voice Mail Asynchronous visuals typically deleted. High often stored; often Email Asynchronous Lean shared with others.
Social Lean but can include photos, Networking Typically asynchronous High and very public Sites videos. Leanness Social scientists use the term richness to describe the abundance of non- verbal cues that add clarity to a verbal message Otondo et al. Conversely, leanness describes messages that carry less information due to a lack of nonverbal cues. By comparison, most social media are much leaner. See Figure 1. You almost certainly would be able to tell a great deal more from a face-to-face response because it would contain a richer array of cues, such.
By contrast, a text message is lean be- cause it contains only words. A voice message—containing vocal cues but no visual ones—would probably fall somewhere in between. Because most mediated messages are leaner than the face-to-face vari- ety, they can be harder to interpret with confidence. The leanness of social media messages presents another challenge. With- out nonverbal cues, online communicators can create idealized—and some- times unrealistic—images of one another.
Such conditions encourage participants to engage in what Joseph Walther calls hyperpersonal communication, accel- erating the discussion of personal topics and relational development beyond what normally happens in face-to-face interaction. Research shows that online communicators self-disclose at higher rates and share more emotions than they would in person, often leading to a hastened and perhaps prema- ture sense of relational intimacy Jiang et al.
There are times when a lean message is the best route to take. In-person communication is synchro- nous, as are phone conversations and communica- tion via video tools such as FaceTime and Skype.
By contrast, email and voice mail messages are asyn- Comedian Aziz Ansari notes that younger people are typically averse to synchronous phone conversations.
Which communi- chronous. The asynchronous nature of most mediated messages makes them fun- damentally different from synchronous communication. Filed under Uncategorized. Home About. About the Author Ronald B. Leave a comment Filed under Uncategorized. Search for:.
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